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QUESTIONS 




ON THE 

HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 




OF 




ROME. 




SUITABLE FOR SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 




AND 




ADAPTED TO STUDENTS PREPARING FOR 
HARVARD COLLEGE. 




BY 
/ 

J. F. TUFTS, A.B. 






CHARLES W. SEVER, 

University Bookstore. 



QUESTIONS 



ON THE 



HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 



OF 



ROME. 



SUITABLE FOR SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 



ADAPTED TO STUDENTS PREPARING FOR 
HARVARD COLLEGE. 



BY 



J. F. TUFTS, A.B. 



!7$ . \0 



CHARLES W. SEVER, 

University Bookstore. 



D 



&->■'( 



a 



"P 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by 

CHARLES W. SEVER, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Press of John Wilson 6° Son. 






P K E F A C E. 



These questions are intended to be suggestive rather 
than exhaustive. With few exceptions, they can 
be answered by consulting the ordinary works on 
Roman History. Smith's Smaller History of Rome 
will generally be found sufficient. Freeman's Out- 
lines, Rawlinson's Ancient History, Liddell, and 
Mommsen will be invaluable for reference on some 
topics. The Historical Examination in Professor J. R. 
Seeley's edition of Livy throws much light upon the 
early institutions. 

Long's Classical Atlas or Dr. Butler's Atlas of 
Ancient Geography contains all the geographical 
information required. 

In framing the questions, the following things have 
been kept in view, so far as possible, with refer- 
ence to every event: 1. The Causes; 2. The Time; 
3. The Place ; 4. The Persons concerned ; 5. The 
Circumstances ; 6. The Consequences. 

Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 
January, 1874. 



GENERAL OUTLINE OF ROMAN HISTORY. 



B.C. 

753. 



THE 
KINGDOM. 



{ 



The Seven 
Kings. 



B.C. 

753. 

The early political and religious institu- 
tions. — The Alban and Sabine wars. 
— The Servian constitution. 



509 



THE 
REPUBLIC. 



Rome under 

the 
Patricians. 



The Con- 
quest of 
Italy. 



Rome and 
Carthage. 



Conquest of 
the "World. 



Civil 
Wars. 



509. 

The Revolution. — Secession of Plebs. 

— Plebeian Tribunate. — Decemvirate. 

— Military Tribunate. — Twelve Ta- 
. bles. — Invasion of Gauls. — Licinian 

Rogations. 

367. 

Equalization of the Orders. — Plebs ad- 
mitted to the highest offices. — Sam- 
nite and Latin wars. — Pyrrhic wars. 

— Italy subdued. 
265. 

Punic wars. — Rome a naval power. — 
Hannibal in Italy. — Battles of Trasi- 
menus, Cannae, Zama. 

201. 

Macedonia conquered. — Carthage and 
Corinth destroyed. — Numantia falls. 

— The Gracchi. 
133. 

Jugurthine war. — Cimbri and Teutones. 

— Mithridatic wars. — Social and Ser- 
vile wars. — Conquest of Gaul. — Bat- 
tle of Actium. 



31. 

THE 
EMPIRE. 

A.D. 476. 



31. 

f The reign of Augustus. — Birth of Christ. 
The Csesars — Nero. — Persecutions. — Jerusalem 

and the -l destroyed. — Conquest of Britain. — 
Antonines. Trajan. — Marcus Aurelius. — Corn- 

modus, the last of the Antonines. 

A.D. 193. 



GEOGEAPHY. 



THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 

1 . Bound the Roman Empire ; name the countries included ; 

and describe its physical features. 

2. Describe its mountain systems and river basins. 

3. Name and give the position of all the principal cities con- 

tained in it. 



ITALY. 

1 . Bound Italy ; describe its mountains and rivers ; name and 

give the position of its bays and capes. 

2. Give the position of its separate states. 

3. Locate the following cities : Rome, Capua, Brundusium, 

Tarentum, Beneventum, Veii, Ariminum, Cremona, 
Clusium, Alba Longa, Croton, Venusia, Ancona, An- 
trum, Caere, Heraclea. 



SPAIN. 

1. Bound Spain ; describe its mountains and rivers. 
2." Name and locate the nations inhabiting it. 
3. Give the position of New Carthage, Numantia, Caesar 
Augusta, Saguntum, Gades, Munda. 



GAUL. 

1. Give the boundaries of Aquitania, Celtic and Belgic Gaul, 

Provincia. 

2. Name the mountains and rivers, and give the modern 

names. 

3. Point out the chief cities in each division, giving ancient 

and modern names. 

4. Of several localities, show the connection between present 

name and former inhabitants. 



AFRICA. 



1. Name the different countries included. 

2. Locate the chief cities, rivers, mountains. 

3. Bound Egypt ; name its rivers, cities, &c. 



THE EAST. 

1. Where were Pontus, Parthia, Syria, Armenia? 

2. Trace the course of the Danube, and name the countries 

through which it passes. 

3. Name the tribes bordering on the Pontus Euxinus. 

4. Name the mountains, rivers, countries, and chief cities of 

Asia Minor. 



THE MEDITERRANEAN. 

1. Name all the countries bordering on this sea. 

2. Name all the bays, gulfs, and straits in it. 

3. Give the positions of all the islands and peninsulas in it. 

4. Give the name, course, and source of all the rivers flowing 

into it. 

5. Name and locate all the chief cities near it. 



THE ETHNOLOGY OF ITALY. 

Classify the early inhabitants of Italy, and give their geo- 
graphical positions. 

What is known of the Etruscans, Latins, Oscans, and 
Iapygians respectively ? 

In what part of Italy were the Greek colonies, and about 
what time were they founded ? 

The Gauls occupied what part of Italy ? 



THE KINGDOM. 

B.C. 753-509. 



CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

753-716. Romulus. Rome founded. Sabine War. Early 
constitution. 

716-673. Numa. Temple of Janus. Pontiffs, &c. 

673-640. Tullus Hostilius. Alban War. Origin of Plebs. 

640-616. Ancus Marcius. War with Latins. 

616-578. Tarquinius Priscus. Senate and Equites in- 
creased. 

578-534. Servius Tullius. Constitution reformed. Latin 
Alliance. 

534-510. Tarquinius Superbus. Volscian War. King 
expelled. 



HISTORY. 
1. Romulus. 

1. Describe the location of Rome ; name the hills ; and state 

to which race the inhabitants belonged. 

2. What races bordered on Rome ? What cities within 

twenty miles of it? 

3. Describe the reign of Romulus, — his wars and institu- 

tions. 



12 

4. Explain Ramnes, Tities, Luceres, Patrician, Client, Legion, 

Comitia Curiata, Senate. 

5. How are the three tribes accounted for ? 

2. Numa. 

1. Describe this reign ; give dates. 

2. What institutions date from this reign ? 

3. Explain the terms Pontiffs, Augurs, Flamens, Vestal Vir- 

gins, Salii, Janus. 

3. Tullus Hostilius. 

1. For what was this reign noted? what its date ? 

2. Where was Alba Longa, and how related to Rome in this 

reign ? 

3. " Horatius appealed to the people," &c. What does that 

mean? 

4. In what way is the prosperity of Rome indicated by the 

wars at that time ? 

5. What was the origin of the Plebs ? 

4. Angus Marcius. 

1. Describe the reign of Ancus. 

2. Explain the following: — Ostia, Janiculum, Pons Sub- 

licius. 

5. Tarquinius Priscus. 

1. Relate the history of Tarquin. What was his race ? 

2. Mention his public works. 

3. What changes did he make in the constitution? 

6. Servius Tullius. 

1. Who was Servius, and when did he reign ? 

2. What was going on at Athens about that time ? 






13 



3. State precisely his measures of reform. 

4. How were the Plebeians benefited by his reform ? 

5. Name the sovereign assemblies at Rome. 

6. What was the Comitia Centuriata ? Explain its organiza- 

tion and manner of voting. 

7. Who were the Latins? What the Latin Alliance, and 

what does it imply as to Rome's prestige % 

7. Tarquinius Superbus. 

1. How did Tarquin become king ? Describe the events of 

his reign. 

2. Why was he expelled ? Who expelled him ? 

3. What attempts were made to restore the Tarquin family ? 

4. From the facts given what may be inferred as to Rome's 

greatness at that time ? 

5. Give a brief account of the events in Greece contempo- 

rary with the regal age of Rome. 

General Questions. 

1. State the views of Mommsen and Niebuhr respecting the 

origin of Rome ? 

2. Was the monarchy hereditary or elective? absolute or 

limited ? 

3. Who chose the king, if elected ? 

4. Describe a Roman household. Define the father's authority. 

5. Who originated the Servian Constitution ? 



THE EEPUBLIC. 

B.C. 509-31. 



FIRST PERIOD. 

ROME UNDER THE PATRICIANS. 
B.C. 509-367. 

For about 150 years after the Revolution the Patricians 
are the ruling class. They oppress the Plebeians. The 
latter struggle for equality in the state. The contest between 
the orders, and the consequent constitutional changes, should 
be carefully noticed. 

The wars of the period are few, and chiefly defensive. The 
power of Rome declines. Several cities assert their inde- 
pendence. Twice Rome is brought to the brink of ruin. 

With much opposition, laws were passed from time to time 
which secured important privileges to the Plebeians. Among 
these the most notable in many respects were the Licinian 
Rogations, which were carried into effect B.C. 367. Hence- 
forth the Plebeians shared the highest offices in the state. 



CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

Rome a Republic 509-31 

First treaty with Carthage 508 

War with Porsena , 507 



16 



B.C 

Lex Valeria de Provocatione 508 

First Dictator 498 

The First Secession. Tribunes of the Plebs . . . . 494 

Icilian Law . . 492 

Agrarian Law of Sp. Cassius 486 

Publilian Law 471 

Rogatio of Terentilius Arsa 462 

Decemvirate 451-449 

Valerian and Horatian Laws 449 

Canuleian Law 445 

Military Tribunes 444-367 

Siege of Veii 405-395 

Battle of the Allia and Burning of Rome 390 

The Licinian Laws ....." 367 

First Plebeian Consul 366 



HISTORY. 

From the Revolution to the Decemvirate. 
B.C. 509-451. 

1. Describe the efforts of the Tarquins to return. Give, the 

date and consequences of the battle of Regillus. 

2. What was the Valerian Law ? 

3. How did the Consul differ from the King ? How were the 

Consuls elected? 

4. Of what wrongs had the Plebs to complain ? They could 

vote in the Comitia Centuriata ; why could they not 
protect themselves ? 

5. Give the date, cause, and consequence of the First Seces- 

sion. 

6. The Tribunes of the Plebs, how appointed, and what their 

duties ? 

7. What was the Ager publicus f What the Agrarian Law ? 

8. Give an account of the Volscian Wars, &c. 

9. Bound the territories of these nations. 



17 



10. What was a Dictator, how appointed, what his power? 

11. Coriolanus, Cincinnatus, the Fabian Gens, who were they ? 

12. What was the Publilian Law? Give date. 

13 State the most important events in Grecian history from 
b.c. 500-450. 



The Decemvirate. 
B.C. 451-449. 

1. What was the Decemvirate, how was it appointed, and 

for what purpose? 

2. How did the Decemvirate affect the Plebeians? Did 

they overthrow it? 

3. Repeat the Valerian and Horatian Laws. 

4. To whom did an appeal lie ? 

5. Give the contemporary history of Greece. 



To the Capture of Rome by the Gauls. 

B.C. 448-390. 

1. State the two subjects that now occupied the attention of 

the Plebs. 

2. Give the date and consequences of the Third Secession. 

What was the Lex Canuleia ? 

3. What was the Military Tribunate, and how long did it 

continue ? 

4. Who were the Censors, what their duties and the im- 

portance of their office ? Who were the Quaestors ? 

5. Give some account of the wars from B.C. 440-390 ; of 

the capture of Veii. 

6. Did Rome conquer Veii because she was stronger than 

the whole Etruscan nation ? 

7. Who were Sp. Maelius, Ahala, Camillus, Cossus? 

8. Give the contemporary history of Greece. 



18 



To the Final Union of the Two Orders. 
B.C. 390-367. 

1. What is known of the Gauls, or Celts? At what date 

did they invade Greece ? 

2. What is known of this invasion, its date, cause, and con- 

sequences ? 

3. How did this defeat affect the allies of Rome? Where 

were Clusium and Allia ? 

4. Mention the other Gallic Wars previous to B.C. 367. 

Who were Torquatus, Corvus, M. Manlius ? 

5. What was the condition of the Plebeians immediately after 

B.C. 390? State the causes, and the measures of 
relief proposed. 

6. Subsequently to B.C. 390 was Rome benefited or injured 

by Gallic invasions ? 

7. Give an account of the Licinian Rogations from B.C. 376- 

367. Repeat the four laws. How does a Rogatio differ 
from a Lex ? 

8. What was the Imperium ? Who conferred it ? 



General Questions. 

1. State the constitutional changes that took place from b.c 

509-367. 

2. Give an account of the origin and organization of the 

Comitia Tributa. 

3. Was the Decemvirate overthrown by the Patricians or by 

the Plebeians? 

4. Give the history of the Military Tribunate. Was it a 

concession to the Plebs ? 

5. How many priestly colleges were there ? 

6. How could the religious orders affect the political condi- 

tion of Rome ? 



19 



SECOND PERIOD. 

ROME CONQUEROR OF ITALY. 
B.C. 366-265. 

The struggles for privilege and equality between the Patri- 
cians and Plebeians disappear during this period. In about 
thirty years after the Licinian Laws, Plebeians are found in all 
the chief offices. United at home, Rome begins an aggressive 
movement, which lasts about one hundred years, and ends with 
the subjugation of all Italy. Latium, Samnium, Magna Graecia, 
and Etruria are the countries conquered. 



CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

First Plebeian Consul 366 

Samnite Wars 343-290 

Great Latin War 338-340 

Publilian Laws 339 

Ogulnian Law cir. 320 

Hortensian Law 286 

Pyrrhic Wars ..." 281-274 

Battle of Heraclea 280 

Battle of Asculum 279 

Battle of Beneventum 275 

Italy conquered 266 



HISTORY. 

Sequel op the Licinian Laws. 
B.C. 366-344. 

1. How did the Licinian Laws affect the condition of the 

Plebs ? How was their poverty relieved ? 

2. What was the Praetorship ? What the Praetor's duties ? 



20 



State the measures adopted by the Patricians from B.C. 
354-344 to allay the discontent of the Plebs. 

From B.C. 355-345 Rome adopts a peace policy, and makes 
peace and alliance with the Latins, Hernicans, Samnites, 
the Etruscan cities Caere, Tarquinii, and Falerii, with 
the Gauls probably, and a commercial treaty with Car- 
thage. Would the discontent of the Plebs influence 
her in this course? If so, why? 



First Samnite War. 
B.C. 343-341. 

1. Bound and give a physical description of Samnium. Of 

what race were the Samnites? What is known of their 
history and government? 

2. State the cause of this war. Was it justifiable on the part 

of Rome ? 

3. Why was it so soon terminated ? 

4. How did this war differ from Rome's former wars ? 



The Latin War. 
B.C. 340-338. 

1. Bound Latium, and name its chief cities. Review its rela- 

tions with Rome. 

2. State precisely the cause of this war. What allies had 

Rome? 

3. Where did the armies meet ? Name the battles. Who 

were Torquatus and Decius ? 

4. State the terms of peace. Describe the events of the next 

twelve years. 

5. What was the condition of Greece at this time ? 

6. What were the Publilian Laws of B.C. 339 ? 



21 

Second Samnite War. 
B.C. 326-304. 

1. State the causes that led to this war. 

2. Give the position of Capua, Caudium, Beneventum, Bovi- 

anum. 

3. Divide the war into periods. Give dates and events. 

4. Had the Senate a right to refuse to ratify the treaty made 

by the Consuls at Caudium ? Who declared war and 
made peace at Rome ? 

5. Give the terms of peace ; the events of the year B.C. 300. 

6. Describe the Appian Way. 



Third Samnite War. 
B.C. 298-290. 

1. What efforts did Samnium make to recover her liberty i 

2. How did Rome meet them ? Where was Sentinum ? 

3. Name the chief men connected with the Samnite Wars on 

both sides. 

4. Bound the Roman territory as it was at B.C. 290. 



From the Samnite Wars to Pyrrhus. 
B.C. 290-280. 

1. Name and locate the Boii and Senones. State the con- 

quests of Rome from B.C. 290-280. Where was Lake 
Vadimo ? 

2. Give the date of the Lex Hortensia. Repeat the law. 

State its results. 

3. Bound Magna Grascia. Name and locate the chief cities. 

4. How came Rome to declare war upon Tarentum ? 



22 



Pyrrhus. 
B.C. 280-274. 

1. Who was Pyrrhus ? Where was Epirus ? 

2. What were the plans of Pyrrhus? Were they practi- 

cable ? Compare them with the plans of Alexander the 
Great. 

3. Name and describe the battles he fought. Give dates. 

4. Describe his career from B.C. 278-272. 

5. Name the Roman generals who fought with Pyrrhus. 

6. What progress did Rome now make in Southern Italy ? 

7. Bound the Roman territory as it was B.C. 266. 

8. Trace the Appian Way from Rome to Brundusium, naming 

the cities through which it passes. 

Note. — The Roman Government of Italy. In the van- 
quished States, Rome reserves to herself the rights of making 
peace or declaring war, of receiving foreign embassies, and 
of coining money. She could levy troops in them, and re- 
quire each community to arm and pay its' contingent. She 
succeeded to the public domain of the conquered States, and, 
besides, required the cession of a tract of arable or pasture 
land, which she added to her " ager publicus." Each nation 
was allowed to retain its own administration and laws ; but 
Rome was their central city. 



THIRD PERIOD. 

ROME AND CARTHAGE. 
B.C. 264-201. 



The struggle between Rome and Carthage was not simply 
to decide the fate of two cities or of two empires, but to 
determine whether the dominion of the world should belong 
to the Indo-Germanic or the Shemitic race. 



23 



With slight exceptions, the Romans were landsmen till 
B.C. 262. In B.C. 260 their naval power had so wonderfully 
developed that they defeated the whole force of Carthage. 



CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

First Punic War 264-241 

Hamilcar goes to Spain . 238 

Temple of Janus shut 235 

War with the Illyrians 228 

War with the Gauls 225-222 

Second Punic War 218-201 

Battle of the Ticinus and Trebia 218 

Battle of Lake Trasimenus 217 

Battle of Cannae 216 

Battle of the Metaurus 207 

Battle of Zama 202 



HISTORY. 

First Punic War. 
B.C. 263-241. 

1. Where was Carthage? What her history? Her gov- 

ernment? Her commerce, foreign conquests, and army? 

2. State the cause of the First Punic War. 

3. What races occupied Sicily at that time ? 

4. Give the events of the war from B.C. 263—257. 

5. Had success been with Rome or Carthage? 

6. From B.C. 256-250 give the events briefly. 

7. Which nation became exhausted first ? Why ? 

8. What were the conditions of peace ? 

9. Compare the military systems of the two nations. 
10. Name the chief men on both sides. 



24 

The Peace. 
B.C. 240-219. 

1. How did Rome get Corsica and Sardinia? 

2. The year B.C. 235, why mentioned ? 

3. How did Rome govern her new territories ? 

4. Illyrians and Gauls, give events and dates. 

5. Trace the Flaminian Way from Rome to Ariminum. 

6. Where did Rome found colonies B.C. 218 ? 

7. Describe the career of Hamilcar from B.C. 238-229. 



Second Punic War. 
B.C. 218-201. 

1. State the cause and nature of this war. 

2. How did Rome prepare to meet Hannibal ? Describe his 

march. 

3. What had he accomplished in B.C. 216? Give name, place, 

and date of battles, and names of Consuls who fought. 

4. What was the character of the war, and what the events 

from B.C. 215-207 ? 

5. Describe the war in Sicily ; in Spain. 

6. Describe the career of Scipio from B.C. 210-201. 

7. State the terms of peace. Where were Zama and "Ctica? 

8. Who were the noted men of Carthage and Rome during 

this war ? 

9. When was the Third Punic War ? What the result ? 



Note. — In B.C. 264 the Great Powers of the world were 
Rome, Carthage, Macedonia, and Syria. In B.C. 200 Rome 
had conquered Carthage. The fall of Macedonia came 
next. 



25 



FOURTH PERIOD. 

ROME AND THE CONQUEST OF THE WORLD. 
B.C. 201-133. 

During this period Rome adds several provinces to her 
dominions. Gallia Cisalpina, B.C. 191 ; Macedonia, B.C. 148 ; 
Illyricum, B.C. 148 ; Achaia, B.C. 146 ; Africa, B.C. 146. 

CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

First Macedonian War 213-205 

Second Macedonian War : 200-196 

Battle of Cynoscephalse 197 

War with the Gauls ' . . .200-191 

Hannibal flies to Antiochus . 195 

Battle of Magnesia 190 

Deaths of Scipio and Hannibal 183 

Third Macedonian War - 171-168 

-Battle of Pydna . 168 

Corinth and Carthage destroyed ........ 146 

War with Viriathus in Spain 146-140 

The Numantine War 143-133 

Servile War in Sicily 134-132 

HISTORY. 
Macedonian Wars. 

1. State the relation between Rome and the East about B.C. 

200. State the cause of the Macedonian War. 

2. Give the positions of Syria, Egypt, Pontus, Macedonia, 

and Pergamus. Bound them. 

3. Zama, Cynoscephalae, Pydna, Corinth : where and for what 

noted? Give dates. 

4. Who were Philip, Perseus, Polybius ? 



26 

5. What did Greece gain by the second Macedonian War ? 

6. Who was iEmilius Paulus ? Connect Egypt, Pergamus, 

Bithynia, and Rhodes with Rome. 

First Wars in Asia. 
B.C. 191-187. 

1. State the cause of the Syrian War. 

2. Who was Antiochus ? Thermopylae and Magnesia, give 

their positions, with events connected with them. 

3. What effect had the Eastern conquests upon the Roman 

people ? Who was Scipio Africanus Minor ? 

4. Name the generals in these wars. 

5. Describe the career of Hannibal after Zama. 

Wars in the West. 
B.C. 200-133. 

1. What was the Gallic War, its cause and result? 

2. Describe Cisalpine Gaul, and name its principal tribes. 

3. Name the Roman colonies in the valley of the Po ; give 

their positions, and dates when founded. 

4. Trace the Via JEmilia, naming the countries and cities 

through which it passes. 

5. The Ligurian War, give its date and character. 

6. The Istrian War, when, where, what? 

The Spanish Wars. 
B.C. 195-133. 

1. What was the condition of Spain about B.C. 198? Name 

three of its tribes, and give their locations. 

2. Describe the careers of Cato, Tib. Gracchus, Galba, Viri- 

athus, and the fall of Numantia. 

3. How came Rome to have so many slaves? 

4. Name the Roman provinces, and give the dates of forma- 

tion. 






27 



The Roman Constitution and Army. 

1. What changes took place in the chief magistracy of Rome 

from b.c. 753-133 ? 

2. Name the Roman magistrates, and define their duties. 

3. Describe the Senate and Popular Assemblies, and state 

the functions of each. 

4. What were the sources of the Roman revenue ? How was 

it collected ? How expended ? 

5. Describe the change in the Roman army from Romulus 

to Augustus. What was a Triumph ? 

6. How were the provinces governed ? 

7. Define the powers of the Tribunes of the Plebs. 



FIFTH PERIOD. 

FIRST PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WARS. 
B.C. 133-78. 

CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

The Troubles under the Gracchi 133-121 

CimbrianWar. ...... t 113-101 

Teutones defeated at Aquas Sextiae 102 

Cimbri „ „ Verona 101 

Jugurthine War 111-106 

Marsian or Social War 90-88 

The Three Mithridatic Wars 88-63 

War of Marius and Sylla 88-82 

Sertorian War in Spain 83-72 

Abdication of Sylla 79 



28 

The Gracchi. 
B.C. 133-121. 

1. Who were the Gracchi? With what families connected? 

2. What were the reforms proposed by Tib. Gracchus? 

State the necessity for reform. 

3. How had the introduction of foreign wealth affected Eoman 

society ? 

4. Give some account of the Ager Publicus, and the legisla- 

tion concerning it. 

5. How far did Tib. Gracchus succeed in his reforms ? 

6. Who are meant by the " allies " ? What their condition ? 

What the measures concerning them ? 

7. State precisely the measures proposed by Caius Gracchus. 

8. Why should there be opposition to admitting the Latins 

and Italians to the Roman franchise? 

9. Give some account of Cornelia, Appius Claudius, the 

Scipios, Drusus, and Saturninus. 



JlJGURTHA. 
B.C. 118-104. 

1. Where was Numidia? Bound it. Who are Jugurtha and 

Marius ? 

2. Give an account of the Jugurthine War. 

3. How was Sylla connected with it ? 



The Cimbri and Teutones. 
B.C. 113-101. 



1. Give some account of these barbarians. Where did they 

come from ? 

2. When and where did they defeat Roman armies ? 

3. When and where were they defeated by Marius ? 



29 



Internal History. 

1 . What were the measures of Saturninus ? What his char- 

acter and fate ? 

2. State the measures of Drusus. Were they new ? What 

did he accomplish ? 

3. How do the claims of the Italians for the Roman franchise 

resemble the old struggle of the Plebeians ? 

The Social or Marsic War. 
B.C. 90-89. 

1. State the cause of the insurrection. Name the revolting 

nations. State their design. 

2. Did Rome or the allies win ? Mention any important 

events of the war. 

3. What were the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria? 

Where were Asculum and Nola? 

4. How destructive was this war ? 

First Civil War 
B.C. 88-86. 

1. State precisely the cause of this war. 

2. How were Marius, Sulpicius, Sylla, and Cinna connected 

with it? 

3. Did the Senate or the Comitia Tributa confer on Marius 

the command of the Mithridatic War ? 

4. Who gave Sylla the command ? 

5. What was the condition of Rome B.C. 87 ? 

First Mithridatic War. 
B.C. 88-84. 

1. Give the history of Pontus. ' Of Mithridates. Where 
was Pontus? Bound it. 



30 



2. State the cause of the war. What was the attitude of 

Greece ? 

3. Give the terms of peace. Who was Fimbria, and how con- 

nected with this war ? 

4. Name the battles. Tell where fought. Give dates. 

5. Second Mithridatic War. Give dates and events. 

Second Civil War. 
B.C. 83-78. 

1 . How strong was the Marian party in Italy ? 

2. Describe the march of Sylla from Brundusium to Rome ; 

his treatment of the Samnites. 

3. How far was Sylla responsible for that civil war? De- 

scribe the Proscription. 

4. How was Sylla appointed Dictator ? Describe his Dicta- 

torship. 

5. What were the Leges Corneliae. Did they favor democ- 

racy or oligarchy. 

6. How enduring were Sylla's measures ? 

7. What provision did Sylla make for his legions. 



SECOND PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR. 
B.C. 78-30. 

CHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

War with Spartacus 73-71 

War against the Isaurian Pirates 78-67 

Conquest of Crete by Metellus 67 

Catiline's Conspiracy 65-62 

First Triumvirate 60 

Caesar's eight campaigns in Gaul 58-50 

Civil War between Caesar and Pompey 49-48 

Battle of Pharsalia 48 

„ „ Zela 47 






31 



Battle of Thapsus 46 

„ ,, Munda 45 

Assassination of Caesar 44 

Second Triumvirate 43 

Battle of Philippi 42 

Perusian War 41-40 

Peace of Brundusium 40 

Battle of Actium 31 

End of the Republic 30 



HISTORY. 

From the Death of Sylla to Pompey's Consulship. 
B.C. 78-70. 

1. What was the revolutionary attempt of Lepidus? 

2. Give an account of Spanish affairs. Of Sertorius and 

Perpenna. 

3. Describe the early career of Pompey. Give the date of 

his birth. Why was he called Great f 

4. What can you say of Spartacus and the Gladiators ? 

5. For what was the Consulship of Pompey and Crassus 

noted? 

Third Mithridatic War. 
B.C. 74-61. 

1. Describe this war from B.C. 74-66. 

2. Give an account of the war with the pirates. Of the 

Gabinian Law. 

3. How formidable were the pirates ? 

4. What was the Manilian Law? Its date ? 

5. Give an account of Pompey's career in the East. 

6. Pompey had terminated four wars. Name them, and give 

dates. 



32 

Internal History. 
B.C. 69-58. 

1. Name several men who were contemporary with Pompey. 

2. What was the Catiline Conspiracy ? Give dates and cause. 

3. How were the Gauls connected with it ? What was the 

result of it? 

4. Name the leading conspirators. What was their fete ? 

Pompey in Italy. 
B.C. 61-58. 

1. Describe Pompey's triumph. What was the state of par- 

ties in Rome B.C. 61 ? 

2. What was the First Triumvirate? Who the Triumvirs? 

3. What laws were passed during Cassar's Consulship? 

4. When, where, and why was Cicero banished ? 

Cesar in Gaul. 
B.C. 58-51. 

1. Name the chief divisions of Gaul, and bound them. 

2. Give the positions of the Helvetii, Nervii, Sequani, Morini, 

Veneti, Arverni, iEdui. 

3. Give the ancient and modern names of the rivers of Gaul. 

Who was Ariovistus ? Who Dumnorix ? 

4. Was Gaul benefited or injured by Csesar ? 

Internal History. 
B.C. 57-50. 

1. What compact did the Triumvirs make at Luca ? 

2. What was the Trebonian Law ? 

3. Crassus and the East. Give events and dates. 

4. State the cause of the breach between Pompey and Caesar. 



Second Civil War. 
B.C. 50-44. 

1. Why should Caesar hesitate to cross the Rubicon ? 

2. Describe his march to Rome. What was Pompey doing 

in the mean time ? 

3. Name in order the battles fought by Caesar from B.C. 

49-45, with dates, places, and names of opponents. 
What was Pompey's fate? 

4. Describe Caesar's triumphs; his honors; his laws; his 

projects. 

5. State the circumstances of his death, with date. Describe 

the man. 

6. Comment upon Scipio, Pompey, Caesar, Cato, Cicero, and 

give dates. 

From Cesar's Death to Battle of Philippi. 
B.C. 44-42. 

1. Describe the proceedings of the conspirators. 

2. How did Cicero regard the murder ? Antony's oration. 

3. Who was Octavius Caesar ? What his relation with the 

Senate ? 

4. Give an account of the Second Triumvirate. Of the Pro- 

scription and its victims ? 

5. Who was Sextus Pompey ? Relate the proceedings of 

Brutus and Cassius. 

6. The battle of Philippi, where, when, and what the result ? 

From Philippi to Actium. 
B.C. 41-31. 

1. Describe the career of Antony in the East. 

2. What was the Perusian War ? Where was Perusia ? 

3. Give a brief account of the Parthian War. Of the war 

between Sextus Pompey and Octavius. 



34 



4. What became of Lepidus ? 

5. The battle of Actium, where, when, and what its conse- 

quences ? What the fate of Antony and Cleopatra ? 

6. How large was the empire B.C. 30 ? 

7. What titles did Octavius receive ? 

8. What policy did he adopt ? 

9. State briefly the dates, characteristics, and principal events 

of the Five Periods of the Republic. 



THE EM PIKE. 

B.C. 31— A.D. 476. 



Rome, from being a mere trading-post on the Tiber, about 
a mile in circumference, has extended her dominion till she 
rules over a territory twenty-seven hundred miles in length 
from east to west, and with an average breadth of one thou- 
sand miles from north to south. Exclusive of Italy, it was 
divided into twenty-seven " Provinces." It included different 
races, nations, civilizations, and languages. The manner in 
which this vast empire was governed, held together, and 
defended, is the next subject to be considered. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



Augustus 31 

Dacian War . . . . 24 

A.D. 

Tiberius 14 

Caligula 37 

Claudius 41 

Nero ....... 54 

Galba 68 

Otho. Vitellius ... 69 

Flavius Vespasian . . 69 



Titus Vespasian . . 


A.D. 

. 79 


Domitian .... 


. 81 


Nerva 


. 96 


Trajan 


. 98 



Hadrian 117 

Antoninus Pius . . . 138 

Aurelius 161 

Commodus . . . . 180 

Severus 193 



36 



HISTORY. 

Augustus. 
B.C. 31 — A.D. 14. 

1. What change did Augustus make in the Senate and 

Comitia Centuriata ? Name his chief counsellors. 

2. Describe his police regulations. 

3. Name and describe each of the provinces. How were 

they governed ? 

4. What moral reforms did Augustus propose? 

5. What was the Praetorian guard ? 

6. What cities did he found in Spain ? 

7. State the difference between an Empire and a Republic. 

8. Compare the power of Augustus with that of former 

Consuls. 

9. Why is the reign of Augustus called the " Golden Age " 

of Rome? 

10. Describe the Emperor's family. 

11. Name the poets and prose writers of the reign. 

From Tiberius to Domitian. 
A.D. 14-96. 

1. What relation was Tiberius to Augustus? Who was 

Germanicus ? 

2. How much power had the Senate ? The Comitia ? 

3. What was the Lex Majestas ? What the Delatores ? 

4. Who was Sejanus ? Date of Tiberius's death ? 

5. Who made Claudius emperor ? 

6. Give the chief events of Nero's reign. What was the 

origin of Christianity in Rome? 

7. Describe the persecutions ; the burning of Rome ; Nero's 

fate. 

8. For what is Vespasian's reign noted ? Give dates. 

9. Give the chief events of the reign of Titus. 



. ■ ■ . .■ ■ ■ ■ i 



37 



10. Date and describe the destruction of Jerusalem ; the con- 

quest of Jbmaix.. 

11. How did Domitian become emperor? Mention the chief 

events of his reign. Who was Galgacus ? 

12. Name the twelve Csesars? Who was Agricola ? Who 

Tacitus ? 



Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian. 
A.D. 96-138. 

1. By whom was Nerva chosen emperor? What the acts of 

his reign ? 

2. Give the leading events of Trajan's reign. 

3. What constitutional change did he effect in the Roman 

government ? 

4. Describe his wars. Give dates. What additions did he 

make to the empire? 

5. Give an account of his public works. 

6. Who was Hadrian ? His date ? Mode of election ? Policy ? 

7. Describe his journey ; his chief works. 

8. What was the Edictum Perpetuum ? The Consistorium 

Principis ? 

The Antonines. 
A.D. 138-193. 

1. Describe the reign of Antoninus Pius. Give dates. 

2. Who was Marcus Aurelius ? His date ? Character ? 

3. Mention the chief events of his reign. Give dates and 

places. 

4. Describe the barbarian invasion. How was the frontier 

of the empire protected? 

5. When and where did Aurelius die? 

6. Describe the reign of Commodus. When did he die ? 



Sibley's Harvard Graduates. 

THE FIRST VOLUME OF 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 

OF 

Graduates of the Academic Department 

OF 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 

In (tartbrtrjrje, JEaggacrjugette. 

BY 

John Langdon Sibley, A.M., Librarian. 



The object of the proposed volume is to present, with great minuteness of 
detail, the results of more than a quarter of a century's labor and research in 
collecting information respecting these representative men of their time, and, 
by adding catalogues and bibliographical notices of their writings, to open to 
others the way for further investigations. 

Of the manner in which the work has been executed, George E. Ellis, 
D. D., writes : — 

" I have kept your precious sheets a very long while ; but it was because I have been 
so enjoying their deliberate perusal in only the choicest hours of my leisure, and have 
intermingled and supplemented the reading of the separate pages by referring to the 
illustrative matter which I might find on my shelves around me. 

" I have no word to write but of the most appreciative and cordial approbation of the 
results of your labor, while I marvel over the diligence, the thoroughness of research, and 
the fruitfulness of the results of your task. 

" I am especially pleased with your judicious dealing with the rivalries about the Presi- 
dency, and with your characterization of Increase Mather. 

" I certainly hope your work is forwarded for the second volume. Probably no one con- 
nected with the College ever was so well qualified or so obligated as yourself for just the 
work you have done. And now seems also to be the fit time in the progress of the years 
for its performance." \ 



The work is not stereotyped, and the edition has been limited by the sub- 
scriptions ; but a few copies will be for sale at the 

TTNIVERSITY BOOKSTORE, CAMBRIDGE. 



!i iiii ii iinni i iiiin rnnni 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
JUST PUBLISHE 

CHARDENAL'S FREtfCl 

FOB ADVANCED P 28 102 02 7 4 

1 vol. 12mo. $ 1 50. 
Used in Harvard University, and many of the Boston Private Schools. 




CHARLES W. SEVER, 

TJniversity Bookstore, Cambridge, Mass. 

Opinions of some Professors of French. 

From Professor J. Levy. 
I have examined very carefully Chardenal's book you had the kindness to send me. 
The only thing I can say about it is, that I shall most certainly use it in some of my 
classes, and introduce it next year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. . . , 
I may want about a hundred copies within a fortnight. 

From M. Louis Blanc. 

J'ai lu avec un vif int#ret l'ouvrage que vous avez dernierement public. II m'a paru 
excellent de toute facon : comme methode, comme clarte, comme explication des regies, 
comme choix des exemples. C'est un vrai service rendu a l'enseignement de la langue 
francaise dans ce pays, et je souhaite de tout coeUr a ce tres utile livre le succes qu'il 
me"rite. 

From M. Schneider, Professor of French, Edinburgh High School. 

Je viens d'introduire votre ouvrage a la " High School " d'Edimbourg. Je m'en sere 
aussi dans d'autres ecoles ; il me semble que c'est la la meilleure critique que je puisse 
en faire. 

From M. Dupont, Professor of French, Westminster School. 

Permettez-moi de vous feliciter de l'habilete" avec laquelle vous avez Su reunir dans 
un si court espace la plupart des idiotismes de notre langue. Je ne doute pas que votre 
travail ne soit d'un puissant secours pour les eleves qui d£sirent se familiariser avec ces 
formes courantes du langage qu'ils ne sauraient rencontrer dans les auteurs classiques 
qu'ils ont entre les mains. 

From M. Karcher, Professor of French, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 
Le recueil d'exercices publie par M. Chardenal r^pond parfaitement, selon moi, au 
but que l'auteur se propose. Les Aleves qui possedent deja les elements de la langue 
franc,aise y trouveront un moyen facile de se familiariser avec les tournures idiomatiques 
qui se pr?sentent a chaque pas et qui rendent la conversation si penible aux etrangers. 
En un mot, ces exercices leur^apprendront a parler francais, au lieu de se servir de phrases 
litteralement traduites de l'anglais. L'introduction grammaticale, qui contient les 
principales regies de la syntaxe, est faite avec soin et intelligence et sera tres-utile 
aux etudiants qui recherchent une solution sommaire des difficultes qu'ils rencontrent 
tous les jours. 

From M. Ch. Cassal, LL. D., Professor of French, University College, London. 

Je puis vous dire, en toute sinc6rit£, que vous avez fait un travail bon et utile. Le 

recueil d'expressions idiomatiques est excellent et ferait a lui seul le succes de votre 



AXSO, BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 

FRENCH PRIMER, FOR JUNIOR CLASSES. 50c. 

FIRST FRENCH COURSE ; or, Rules and Exercises for 

Beginners. 75c. 
SECOND FRENCH COURSE, AND READER. $1.25. 

For sale, at Publishers' Price, by SCHOENHOF & MOELLER, 
40 Winter Street, Boston. 



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